{"id":48823,"date":"2018-02-09T05:26:11","date_gmt":"2018-02-08T23:56:11","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blog.odango.com\/?p=48823"},"modified":"2023-02-04T09:21:02","modified_gmt":"2023-02-04T03:51:02","slug":"plsql-interview-questions-and-answers","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/asha24.net\/blog\/plsql-interview-questions-and-answers\/","title":{"rendered":"PL\/SQL Interview Questions and Answers"},"content":{"rendered":"\n[et_pb_section bb_built=”1″ next_background_color=”#000000″][et_pb_row][et_pb_column type=”4_4″][et_pb_post_title _builder_version=”3.0.106″ title=”on” meta=”off” author=”on” date=”on” categories=”on” comments=”on” featured_image=”off” featured_placement=”below” text_color=”dark” text_background=”off” title_font=”Titillium Web||||||||” title_font_size=”47″ title_font_size_tablet=”40″ title_font_size_phone=”35″ title_font_size_last_edited=”on|desktop” title_text_color=”rgba(0,0,0,0.8)” title_text_align=”left” text_shadow_horizontal_length=”0.08em” text_shadow_vertical_length=”0.08em” text_shadow_blur_strength=”0.08em” title_text_shadow_horizontal_length=”0.08em” title_text_shadow_vertical_length=”0.08em” custom_margin=”|||10%” \/][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row][et_pb_column type=”4_4″][et_pb_text _builder_version=”3.0.106″ background_layout=”light” text_font=”Titillium Web|300|||||||” text_font_size=”20″ text_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” text_text_color=”rgba(0,0,0,0.8)” text_line_height=”1.6em” max_width=”800px” custom_margin=”|||10%” text_line_height_last_edited=”off|phone” max_width_last_edited=”off|phone” custom_margin_last_edited=”off|desktop”]\r\n\r\n1)\u00a0What is PL\/SQL ?<\/strong>\r\n\r\nAns:<\/strong>\u00a0PL\/SQL is a procedural language that has both interactive SQL and procedural programming language constructs such as iteration, conditional branching.\r\n\r\n
\r\n\r\n2)\u00a0What is the basic structure of PL\/SQL ?<\/strong>\r\n\r\nAns:<\/strong>\u00a0PL\/SQL uses block structure as its basic structure. Anonymous blocks or nested blocks can be used in PL\/SQL.\r\n\r\n
\r\n\r\n3)\u00a0What are the components of a PL\/SQL block ?<\/strong>\r\n\r\nAns:<\/strong>\u00a0A set of related declarations and procedural statements is called block.\r\n\r\n
\r\n\r\n4)\u00a0What are the components of a PL\/SQL Block ?<\/strong>\r\n\r\nAns:\u00a0<\/strong>Declarative part, Executable part and Exception part.\r\nDatatypes PL\/SQL\r\n\r\n
\r\n\r\n5)\u00a0What are the datatypes a available in PL\/SQL ?<\/strong>\r\n\r\nAns:<\/strong>\r\n
    \r\n \t
  • Some scalar data types such as NUMBER, VARCHAR2, DATE, CHAR, LONG, BOOLEAN.<\/li>\r\n \t
  • Some composite data types such as RECORD & TABLE.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n
    \r\n\r\n6)\u00a0What are % TYPE and % ROWTYPE ? What are the advantages of using these over datatypes?<\/strong>\r\n\r\nAns:\u00a0<\/strong>\r\n
      \r\n \t
    • % TYPE provides the data type of a variable or a database column to that variable.<\/li>\r\n \t
    • % ROWTYPE provides the record type that represents a entire row of a table or view or columns selected in the cursor.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nThe Advantages are :\u00a0<\/em>\r\n
        \r\n \t
      • Need not know about variable\u2019s data type.<\/li>\r\n \t
      • If the database definition of a column in a table changes, the data type of a variable changes accordingly.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n
        \r\n\r\n7)\u00a0What is difference between % ROWTYPE and TYPE RECORD ?<\/strong>\r\n\r\nAns:\u00a0<\/strong>\r\n\r\n% ROWTYPE is to be used whenever query returns a entire row of a table or view.\r\nTYPE rec RECORD is to be used whenever query returns columns of different\r\ntable or views and variables.\r\nE.g. TYPE r_emp is RECORD (eno emp.empno% type,ename emp ename %type\r\n);\r\ne_rec emp% ROWTYPE\r\ncursor c1 is select empno,deptno from emp;\r\ne_rec c1 %ROWTYPE.\r\n\r\n
        \r\n\r\n8)\u00a0What is PL\/SQL table ?<\/strong>\r\n\r\nAns:<\/strong>\u00a0Objects of type TABLE are called \u201cPL\/SQL tables\u201d, which are modeled as (but not the same as) database tables, PL\/SQL tables use a primary PL\/SQL tables can have one column and a primary key.\r\n\r\n
        \r\n\r\n9)\u00a0What is a cursor ? Why Cursor is required ?<\/strong>\r\n\r\nAns:\u00a0<\/strong>Cursor is a named private SQL area from where information can be accessed. Cursors are required to process rows individually for queries returning multiple rows.\r\n\r\n
        \r\n\r\n10) Explain the two type of Cursors ?<\/strong>\r\n\r\nAns:\u00a0<\/strong>There are two types of cursors, Implicit Cursor and Explicit Cursor.\r\nPL\/SQL uses Implicit Cursors for queries.\r\nUser defined cursors are called Explicit Cursors. They can be declared and used.\r\n\r\n
        \r\n\r\n11)\u00a0What are the PL\/SQL Statements used in cursor processing ?<\/strong>\r\n\r\nAns:\u00a0<\/strong>DECLARE CURSOR cursor name, OPEN cursor name, FETCH cursor name INTO or Record types, CLOSE cursor name.\r\n\r\n
        \r\n\r\n12)\u00a0What are the cursor attributes used in PL\/SQL ?<\/strong>\r\n\r\nAns:<\/strong>\r\n\r\n%ISOPEN\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u2013 To check whether cursor is open or not\r\n% ROWCOUNT\u2013 Number of rows fetched\/updated\/deleted.\r\n% FOUND\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u2013 To\u00a0check whether cursor has fetched any row. True if rows are fetched.\r\n% NOT FOUND\u00a0\u2013 To check whether cursor has fetched any row. True if no rows are fetched.\r\nThese attributes are proceeded with SQL for Implicit Cursors and with Cursor name for Explicit Cursors.\r\n\r\n
        \r\n\r\n13)\u00a0What is a cursor for loop ?<\/strong>\r\n\r\nAns:\u00a0<\/strong>Cursor for loop implicitly declares %ROWTYPE as loop index, opens a cursor, fetches rows of values from active set into fields in the record and closes\r\nwhen all the records have been processed.\r\nE.g.:<\/strong>\u00a0FOR emp_rec IN C1\u00a0LOOP\r\nsalary_total := salary_total +emp_rec sal;\r\nEND LOOP;\r\n\r\n
        \r\n\r\n14)\u00a0What will happen after commit statement ?<\/strong>\r\n\r\nAns:<\/strong>\u00a0Cursor C1 is\r\nSelect empno,\r\nename from emp;\r\nBegin\r\nopen C1; loop\r\nFetch C1 into\r\neno.ename;\r\nExit When\r\nC1 %notfound;–\r\ncommit;\r\nend loop;\r\nend;\u00a0The cursor having query as SELECT \u2026. FOR UPDATE gets closed after COMMIT\/ROLLBACK.\r\nThe cursor having query as SELECT\u2026. does not get closed even after COMMIT\/ROLLBACK.\r\n\r\n
        \r\n\r\n15)\u00a0Explain the usage of WHERE CURRENT OF clause in cursors ?<\/strong>\r\n\r\nAns:<\/strong>\u00a0WHERE CURRENT OF clause in an UPDATE, DELETE statement refers to the latest row fetched from a cursor.\r\n\r\n
        \r\n\r\n16)\u00a0What is a database trigger ? Name some usages of database trigger ?<\/strong>\r\n\r\nAns:<\/strong>\u00a0Database trigger is stored PL\/SQL program unit associated with a specific database table. Usages are Audit data modifications, Log events transparently, Enforce complex business rules Derive column values automatically, Implement complex security authorizations. Maintain replicate tables.\r\n\r\n
        \r\n\r\n17)\u00a0How many types of database triggers can be specified on a table ? What are they ?<\/strong>\r\n\r\nAns:<\/strong>\u00a0Insert Update Delete\r\nBefore Row o.k. o.k. o.k.\r\nAfter Row o.k. o.k. o.k.\r\nBefore Statement o.k. o.k. o.k.\r\nAfter Statement o.k. o.k. o.k.\r\nIf FOR EACH ROW clause is specified, then the trigger for each Row affected by the statement.\r\nIf WHEN clause is specified, the trigger fires according to the returned boolean value.\r\n\r\n
        \r\n\r\n18)\u00a0Is it possible to use Transaction control Statements such a ROLLBACK or COMMIT in Database Trigger ? Why ?<\/strong>\r\n\r\nAns:<\/strong>\u00a0It is not possible. As triggers are defined for each table, if you use COMMIT of ROLLBACK in a trigger, it affects logical transaction processing.\r\n\r\n
        \r\n\r\n19)\u00a0What are two virtual tables available during database trigger execution ?<\/strong>\r\n\r\nAns:<\/strong>\r\n
          \r\n \t
        • The table columns are referred as OLD.column_name and NEW.column_name.<\/li>\r\n \t
        • For triggers related to INSERT only NEW.column_name values only available.<\/li>\r\n \t
        • For triggers related to UPDATE only OLD.column_name NEW.column_name values only available.<\/li>\r\n \t
        • For triggers related to DELETE only OLD.column_name values only available.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n
          \r\n\r\n20)\u00a0What happens if a procedure that updates a column of table X is called in a database trigger of the same table ?<\/strong>\r\n\r\nAns:<\/strong>\u00a0Mutation of table occurs.\r\n\r\n
          \r\n\r\n21) What is an Exception ? What are types of Exception ?<\/strong>\r\n\r\nAns:<\/strong>\u00a0Exception is the error handling part of PL\/SQL block. The types are Predefined and user_defined. Some of Predefined exceptions are.\r\nCURSOR_ALREADY_OPEN\r\nDUP_VAL_ON_INDEX\r\nNO_DATA_FOUND\r\nTOO_MANY_ROWS\r\nINVALID_CURSOR\r\nINVALID_NUMBER\r\nLOGON_DENIED\r\nNOT_LOGGED_ON\r\nPROGRAM-ERROR\r\nSTORAGE_ERROR\r\nTIMEOUT_ON_RESOURCE\r\nVALUE_ERROR\r\nZERO_DIVIDE\r\nOTHERS.\r\n\r\n
          \r\n\r\n22)\u00a0What is Pragma EXECPTION_INIT ? Explain the usage ?<\/strong>\r\n\r\nAns:<\/strong>\u00a0The PRAGMA EXECPTION_INIT tells the complier to associate an exception with an oracle error. To get an error message of a specific oracle error.\r\n\r\nE.g.:\u00a0<\/strong>PRAGMA EXCEPTION_INIT (exception name, oracle error number)\r\n\r\n
          \r\n\r\n23) What is Raise_application_error ?<\/strong>\r\n\r\nAns:<\/strong>\u00a0Raise_application_error is a procedure of package DBMS_STANDARD which allows to issue an user_defined error messages from stored sub-program or database trigger.\r\n\r\n
          \r\n\r\n24)\u00a0What are the return values of functions SQLCODE and SQLERRM ?<\/strong>\r\n\r\nAns:\u00a0<\/strong>SQLCODE returns the latest code of the error that has occurred.\r\nSQLERRM returns the relevant error message of the SQLCODE.\r\n\r\n
          \r\n\r\n25)\u00a0Where the Pre_defined_exceptions are stored ?<\/strong>\r\n\r\nAns:<\/strong>\u00a0In the standard package.\r\n\r\n
          \r\n\r\n26) What is a stored procedure ?<\/strong>\r\n\r\nAns:<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0A stored procedure is a sequence of statements that perform specific function.\r\n\r\n
          \r\n\r\n27) What is difference between a PROCEDURE & FUNCTION ?<\/strong>\r\n\r\nAns:<\/strong>\u00a0A FUNCTION always returns a value using the return statement.\r\nA PROCEDURE may return one or more values through parameters or may not return at all.\r\n\r\n
          \r\n\r\n28)\u00a0What are advantages fo Stored Procedures ?<\/strong>\r\n\r\nAns:<\/strong>\u00a0Extensibility, Modularity, Reusability, Maintainability and one time compilation.\r\n\r\n
          \r\n\r\n29)\u00a0What are the modes of parameters that can be passed to a procedure ?<\/strong>\r\n\r\nAns:<\/strong>\u00a0IN, OUT, IN-OUT parameters.\r\n\r\n
          \r\n\r\n30)\u00a0What are the two parts of a procedure ?<\/strong>\r\n\r\nAns:<\/strong>\u00a0Procedure Specification and Procedure Body.\r\n\r\n
          \r\n\r\n31)\u00a0Give the structure of the procedure ?<\/strong>\r\n\r\nAns:<\/strong>\u00a0PROCEDURE name (parameter list\u2026..)\r\nis local variable declarations\r\nBEGIN\r\nExecutable statements.\r\nException.\r\nexception handlers\r\nend;\r\n\r\n
          \r\n\r\n32)\u00a0Give the structure of the function ?<\/strong>\r\n\r\nAns:<\/strong>\r\n\r\nFUNCTION name (argument list \u2026..) Return datatype is\r\nlocal variable declarations\r\nBegin\r\nexecutable statements\r\nException\r\nexecution handlers\r\nEnd;\r\n\r\n
          \r\n\r\n33)\u00a0Explain how procedures and functions are called in a PL\/SQL block ?<\/strong>\r\n\r\nAns:<\/strong>\u00a0Function is called as part of an expression.\r\nsal : = calculate_sal (\u2018a822\u2032);\r\nprocedure is called as a PL\/SQL statement\r\ncalculate_bonus (\u2018A822\u2032);\r\n\r\n
          \r\n\r\n34)\u00a0What is Overloading of procedures ?<\/strong>\r\n\r\nAns:\u00a0<\/strong>The Same procedure name is repeated with parameters of different datatypes and parameters in different positions, varying number of parameters is called overloading of procedures.\r\nE.g.:<\/strong>\u00a0DBMS_OUTPUT put_line\r\n\r\n
          \r\n\r\n35)\u00a0What is a package ? What are the advantages of packages ?<\/strong>\r\n\r\nAns:<\/strong>\u00a0Package is a database object that groups logically related procedures. The advantages of packages are Modularity, Easier Application Design, Information. Hiding,. reusability and Better Performance.\r\n\r\n
          \r\n\r\n36) What are two parts of package ?<\/strong>\r\n\r\nAns:\u00a0<\/strong>\r\n
            \r\n \t
          • The two parts of package are PACKAGE SPECIFICATION & PACKAGE BODY.<\/li>\r\n \t
          • Package Specification contains declarations that are global to the packages and local to the schema.<\/li>\r\n \t
          • Package Body contains actual procedures and local declaration of the procedures and cursor declarations.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n
            \r\n\r\n37)\u00a0What is difference between a Cursor declared in a procedure and Cursor declared in a package specification ?<\/strong>\r\n\r\nAns:<\/strong>\u00a0A cursor declared in a package specification is global and can be accessed by other procedures or procedures in a package.\r\nA cursor declared in a procedure is local to the procedure that can not be accessed by other procedures.\r\n\r\n
            \r\n\r\n38)\u00a0Name the tables where characteristics of Package, procedure and functions are stored ?<\/strong>\r\n\r\nAns:\u00a0<\/strong>User_objects, User_Source and User_error\r\n\r\n
            \r\n\r\n39) Would you say you use modularization as a best practice when producing PL\/SQL code?<\/strong>\r\n\r\nAns:<\/strong>\u00a0Of course, you will say yes as soon as you hear this question. Nevertheless, I, like many others, have seen way too much spaghetti code in my life that the question begs for an answer on why you do code this way, assuming you do.\r\n\r\nJust remind yourself that with modularized code we are able to separate by task\/function so that we can improve things such as maintainability, reusability, readability, reliability, and actually enforce boundaries between key programming components.\r\n\r\nI don’t know how many times, but it has been many, that I’ve separated components that were nothing more than a few lines of code. Often times it is these few lines of code that allow me to drastically simplify not only calls to those lines of code but also the components I’d broken them out from.\r\n\r\n
            \r\n\r\n40)\u00a0What is the difference between a procedure and a function?<\/strong>\r\n\r\nAns:<\/strong>\u00a0This is one of those questions that, depending on your interview, you may get right or wrong depending on how you answer it. In the past, I’ve often stated that the difference between a procedure and a function is that a procedure is a program that performs one or more actions while a function’s main purpose is to return a value.\r\n\r\nThis is true but since a procedure can also return (interestingly with a RETURN clause) values, there is something else missing. The difference, that should get you some brownie points, is in the way procedures and functions are called. A procedure is called as an executable PL\/SQL statement while a function is called like a PL\/SQL expression.\r\n\r\n
            \r\n\r\n41)\u00a0Explain the difference between IN and OUT parameters.<\/strong>\r\n\r\nAns:\u00a0<\/strong>An IN parameter allows us to pass values into PL\/SQL code while the OUT parameter allows us to pass values back out of PL\/SQL code. Also, remember that a parameter can be specified as both IN and OUT with the IN OUT declaration.\r\n\r\n
            \r\n\r\n42)\u00a0What is module overloading and why might you use it?<\/strong>\r\n\r\nAns:<\/strong>\u00a0Overloading modules is nothing more than a mechanism that allows the coder to reuse the same name for different programs that are within the same scope. Overloading is probably one of my favorite mechanisms to share and increase usability within code.\r\n\r\n
            \r\n\r\n43)\u00a0Describe read consistency<\/strong>\r\n\r\nAns:<\/strong>\u00a0It has been my experience that, while this is an easy concept, many fall short of understanding it in practice. Read consistency is nothing more than Oracle’s way of quarantining that the data \/ result set you request at a specific time will be available until the request is complete.\r\n\r\nThis means that if I issue a SQL statement at 7:00am, and it takes 10 minutes to produce the result set, and someone were to alter the data at 7:05am, the data I get back will look like it did at 7:00am as if no one had modified it.\r\n\r\n
            \r\n\r\n44)\u00a0What is an autonomous transaction and how does it affect the commit process?<\/strong>\r\n\r\nAns:<\/strong>\u00a0An autonomous transaction creates, when called from another transaction, an independent and separate transaction that can issue commits without affecting the calling transaction.\r\n\r\n
            \r\n\r\n45)\u00a0What are packages?<\/strong>\r\n\r\nAns:<\/strong>\u00a0A package is nothing more than a way to consolidate\/group\/organize\/etc., common elements of PL\/SQL code into a single named entity. While packages do help improve things like portability and maintainability of code, packages can also help improve the performance of the code.\r\n\r\n
            \r\n\r\n46)\u00a0How might you hide\/protect your source code if distributed to customers?<\/strong>\r\n\r\nAns:<\/strong>\u00a0Oracle’s wrap utility provides a good way of hiding PL\/SQL source code; protecting it and making it difficult for others to view. You can either wrap source code with the wrap utility or use the DBMS_DDL subprograms.\r\n\r\n
            \r\n\r\n47)\u00a0Name two PL\/SQL conditional control statements.<\/strong>\r\n\r\nAns:<\/strong>\u00a0Very easily, the conditional statements are the IF and the CASE statements.\r\n\r\n
            \r\n\r\n48)\u00a0Name two loop control statements.<\/strong>\r\n\r\nAns:<\/strong>\u00a0The loop control statements consist of LOOP, FOR LOOP, and WHILE LOOP.\r\n\r\n[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section bb_built=”1″ prev_background_color=”#000000″][et_pb_row][et_pb_column type=”4_4″][et_pb_team_member _builder_version=”3.0.106″ name=”Arun Gandham” position=”Author” facebook_url=”” twitter_url=”” google_url=”” linkedin_url=”” image_url=”https:\/\/asha24.net\/blog\/\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/123456.gif” background_layout=”light” header_font=”Titillium Web|700|||||||” body_font=”Titillium Web||||||||” body_font_size=”16″]\r\n\r\nHola peeps! A fitness freak, a lover of games, I catch a flick on the weekends and write for you about current trends.\r\n\r\n[\/et_pb_team_member][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section]\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":48824,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"on","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[57],"tags":[58],"class_list":["post-48823","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-interview-questions","tag-interview-questions"],"yoast_head":"\nPL\/SQL Interview Questions and Answers - Asha24 Blog<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/asha24.net\/blog\/plsql-interview-questions-and-answers\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"PL\/SQL Interview Questions and Answers - 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